Works Cited

1. West JB, Luks AM. West's Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; 2016.

2. Des Jardins T. Cardiopulmonary Anatomy & Physiology: Essentials for Respiratory Care. 7th ed. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning; 2020.

3. Dalgorf DM, Harvey RJ. Sinonasal anatomy and function. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2013;27(Suppl 1):S3-S6.

4. Reddy UD, Dev B. Pictorial essay: anatomical variations of paranasal sinuses on multidetector computed tomography—how does it help FESS surgeons? Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2012;22(4):314-324.

5. Cloutier MM. Respiratory Physiology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier; 2019.

6. Mitchell R, Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Pocket Companion to Robbins and Coltran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017.

7. Nowak T, Handford AG. Pathophysiology: Concepts and Applications for Health Care Professionals. 3rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 2003.

8. McCance KL, Huethe SE (eds). Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. 8th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby; 2019.

9. Dvorak AM, Monahan-Earley RA. Diagnostic Ultrastructural Pathology: A Text-Atlas of Case Studies Emphasizing Respiratory and Nervous Systems. New York, NY: CRC Press; 1992.

10. Ward JPT, Ward J, Leach RM. The Respiratory System at a Glance. 4th ed. Oxford: John Wiley & Son Ltd.; 2015.

11. Banasik JL. Pathophysiology. 6th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby; 2019.

12. Galvagno SM. Emergency Pathophysiology: Clinical Applications for Prehospital Care. Jackson, WY: Teton NewMedia; 2013.

13. Davies A, Moores C. The Respiratory System: Basic Science and Clinical Condition. 2nd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2010.

14. Kaminsky D. The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Respiratory System. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011.

15. Hall JE (ed). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 14th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021.

16. Brashers VL. Clinical Applications of Pathophysiology: An Evidence-Based Approach. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, 2006.

17. Bullock BA, Henze RL. Focus on Pathophysiology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2010.

18. Browder Lazenby R. Handbook of Pathophysiology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2011.

19. Prentice Hall PTR. The Respiratory System. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Prentice Hall; 2013.

20. Kaliner MA, Barnes PJ, Kunkel GHH, Baraniuk JN (eds). Neuropeptides in Respiratory Medicine. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1994.

21. Bope ET, Kellerman RD. Conn's Current Therapy 2020. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020.

22. Price SA, Wilson LM. Pathophysiology: Clinical Concepts of Disease Processes. 7th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2014.

23. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: 50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2014.

24. Loke J (ed). Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1988.

25. Buttaro Mahan T, Trybulski J, Polgar-Bailey P, Sandberg-Cook J. Primary Care: A Collaborative Practice. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2017.

26. Ackley BJ, Ladwig GB, Makic MB, Martinez-Kratz M, Zanotti M. Nursing Diagnosis Handbook: An Evidence-Based Guide to Planning Care. 12th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2019.

27. Ladwig GB, Ackley BJ, Makic MB. Mosby's Guide to Nursing Diagnosis. 6th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2020.

28. Gulanick M, Myers JL. Nursing Care Plans: Diagnoses, Interventions and Outcomes. 9th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2017.

29. Harding MM. Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. 11th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby; 2020.

30. Fenske C, Dolan Watkins K, Saunders T, D'Amico DT, Barbarito C. Health and Physical Assessment in Nursing. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Pearson; 2019.

31. Davies A. The Respiratory System: Systems of the Body Series. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 2003.

32. Schwartzstein RM, Parker MJ. Respiratory Physiology: A Clinical Approach. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.

33. Domino FJ, Baldor RA, Golding J, Stephens MB. The 5-Minute Clinical Consult Standard 2016. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; 2015.

34. Lancraft T, Frierson F, Shuster C, Sun E. Interactions: Exploring the Functions of the Human Body/Gas Exchange and pH Balance: The Respiratory System. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2006.

35. Prange HD. Respiratory Physiology: Understanding Gas Exchange. New York, NY: Chapman and Hall; 1996.

36. LeMone P, Burke KM, Bauldoff G, Gubrud P. Medical Surgical Nursing: Critical Thinking in Patient Care. 6th ed. New York, NY: Pearson; 2014.

37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Testing for TB Infection. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/testing/tbtesttypes.htm. Last accessed August 23, 2023.

38. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fungal Diseases. Diagnosis and Testing for Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis). Available at https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/diagnosis.html. Last accessed August 22, 2023.

39. Saunorus Baird M. Manual of Critical Care Nursing: Nursing Interventions and Collaborative Management. 7th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2016.

40. Zane RD, Kosowsky JM. Pocket Emergency Medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2018.

41. Markovchick VJ, Pons PT, Bakes KA, Buchanan J. Emergency Medicine Secrets. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016.

42. Nelms M, Sucher KP. Nutrition Therapy and Pathophysiology. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning; 2019.

43. Diamond M, Feliciano HLP, Sanghavi Devang, Mahapatra S. Acute Repispiratory Syndrome (ARDS). Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2020.

44. Berg SM, Bittner EA. Massachusetts General Hospital Review of Critical Care Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.

45. Mandell LA, Wunderlink RG, Anzuneto A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;19(44):S27-S72.

46. Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;200(7):e45-e67.

47. Management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clin Infectious Dis. 2016;63:e61-e111.

48. Marik PE. Aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia. N Eng J Med. 2001;344(9):665-671.

49. Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser S, Longo D, Loscalzo J (eds). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 20th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2018.

50. High KP. Pneumonia in older adults. New categories add complexity to diagnosis and care. Postgrad Med. 2005;118(4):18-28.

51. Garrett L. The Coming Plague: Newly Emerging Diseases in a World Out of Balance. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus, Giroux; 1994.

52. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC WONDER. Available at https://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd.html. Last accessed August 22, 2023.

53. Fagon JY, Chastre J, Hance AJ, Montravers P, Novara A, Gibert C. Nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients: a cohort study evaluating attributable mortality and hospital stay. Am J Med. 1993;94(3):281-288.

54. Huang SS, Johnson KM, Ray GT, et al. Healthcare utilization and cost of pneumococcal disease in the United States. Vaccine. 2011;29(18):3398-1412.

55. World Health Organization. The Top 10 Causes of Death. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death. Last accessed August 22, 2023.

56. World Health Organization. Fact Sheets: Pneumonia in Children. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pneumonia. Last accessed August 15, 2023.

57. File TM Jr, Marrie TJ. Burden of community-acquired pneumonia in North American adults. Postgrad Med. 2010;122(2):130-141.

58. Fung HB, Monteagudo-Chu MO. Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2010;8(1):47-62.

59. Jackson ML, Neuzil KM, Thompson WW, et al. The burden of community-acquired pneumonia in seniors: results of a population-based study. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(11):1642-1650.

60. Stringer JR, Beard CB, Miller RF, Wakefield AE. A new name (Pneumocystis jiroveci) for pneumocystis from humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8(9):891-896.

61. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Prevention of pneumococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 1997;46(RR8):1-24.

62. Spina D, Page CP, Metzger WJ, O'Connor BJ (eds). Drugs for the Treatment of Respiratory Diseases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2003.

63. DiPiro J, Yee G, Posey LM, Haines ST, Nolin TD, Ellingrod V. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach. 11th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education; 2020.

64. Springhouse. Nursing 2009 Student Drug Guide. 10th ed. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Corporation; 2010.

65. Wilson BA, Shannon M, Shields K. Pearson Nurse's Drug Guide: 2020. New York, NY: Pearson; 2019.

66. Huether SE, McCance KL. Understanding Pathophysiology. 6th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2017.

67. World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2022. Available at https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports. Last accessed August 15, 2023.

68. Schildknecht KR, Pratt RH, Feng PI, Price SF, Self JL. Tuberculosis – United States, 2022. MMWR. 2023;72(12):297-303.

69. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR-TB) Fact Sheet. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/TB/publications/factsheets/drtb/xdrtb.htm. Last accessed August 21, 2023.

70. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Public Health Investigation Seeks People Who May Have Been Exposed to Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR-TB) Infected Person [Archive]. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/media/transcripts/2007/t070529.htm. Last accessed August 23, 2023.

71. Grossman S, Porth CM. Porth's Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2014.

72. Zerwekh J. Mosby's Pharmacology Memory NoteCards: Visual, Mnemonic, and Memory Aids for Nurses. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2018.

73. Willis L. Professional Guide to Diseases. 11th ed. Ambler, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2019.

74. American Medical Association. The American Medical Association Essential Guide to Asthma (Better Health for 2003). New York, NY: Pocket Books; 2000.

75. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. What is Asthma? Available at https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/asthma. Last accessed August 23, 2023.

76. McMillan JA, DeAngelis CD, Feigin RD, Jones MD (eds). Oski's Pediatrics: Principles and Practice. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2006.

77. World Health Organization. Fact Sheets: Asthma. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/asthma. Last accessed August 23, 2023.

78. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Asthma: Data, Statistics, and Surveillance: Asthma Surveillance Data. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/asthmadata.htm. Last accessed August 23, 2023.

79. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Asthma: Data, Statistics, and Surveillance. Asthma Prevalence in the U.S. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/asthmadata.htm. last accessed August 23, 2023.

80. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. Asthma. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/asthma.htm. Last accessed August 23, 2023.

81. Moorman JE, Zahran H, Truman BI, Molla MT. Current asthma prevalence—United States, 2006–2008. MMWR. 2011;60(1):84-86.

82. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. State of Childhood Asthma, United States: 1980–2005. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/06facts/asthma1980-2005.htm. Last accessed August 23, 2023.

83. Ehrman J, Gordon P, Visich P, Keteyian S. Clinical Exercise Physiology. 3rd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2013.

84. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: 2018 Report. Available at https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/GOLD-2018-v6.0-FINAL-revised-20-Nov_WMS.pdf. Last accessed August 23, 2023.

85. Wilkinson I, Raine T, Wiles K, Goodhart A, Hall C, O'Neill H. Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine. 10th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2017.

86. Feather A, Randall D, Waterhouse (eds). Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine. 10th ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier Saunders; 2020.

87. Wenzel RP, Fowler AA. Clinical practice: acute bronchitis. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(20):2125-2130.

88. Lodish H, Berk A, Kaiser CA, et al. Molecular Cell Biology. 8th ed. New York, NY: WH Freeman; 2016.

89. Troosters T, Casaburi R, Gosselink R, Decramer M. Pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;172(1):19-38.

90. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. United States Cancer Statistics. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/uscs/. Last accessed August 23, 2023.

91. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures: 2023. Available at https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts-figures/2023-cancer-facts-figures.html. Last accessed August 23, 2023.

92. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Available at https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/nscl.pdf. Last accessed August 23, 2023.

93. American Cancer Society. Lung Cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer. Available at https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer.html. Last accessed August 23, 2023.

94. Tan WW, Huq S. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279960-overview. Last accessed August 23, 2023.

95. MedlinePlus. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Available at https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007194.htm. Last accessed August 23, 2023.

96. Merck Manual Professional Version. Available at https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional. Last accessed August 23, 2023.

97. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. What Are the Symptoms of Lung Cancer? Available at https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/lung/basic_info/symptoms.htm. Last accessed August 23, 2023.

98. Johnston L. Lung Cancer: Making Sense of Diagnosis, Treatment, and Options. Sebastopol, CA: Patient Centered Guides; 2001.

99. Betticher DC. Adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy in NSCLC: a paradigm shift. Lung Cancer. 2005;50(Suppl 2):S9-S16.

100. National Cancer Institute. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment (PDQ). Available at https://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/hp/non-small-cell-lung-treatment-pdq. Last accessed August 23, 2023.

101. Haas ML. Radiation therapy. In: Cancer Source Book for Nurses. 8th ed. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Barlett; 2004.

102. American Cancer Society. Radiation Therapy. Available at https://www.cancer.org/content/cancer/en/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/treatment-types/radiation.html. Last accessed August 23, 2023.

103. Ferrell BR, Coyle N, Paice J (eds). Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2019.

104. McPhee SJ, Markowitz AJ. Psychological considerations, growth, and transcendence at the end of life: the art of the possible. JAMA. 2001;286(23):3002.

105. National Cancer Institute. Last Days of Life for Health Professionals (PDQ). Available at https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/advanced-cancer/caregivers/planning/last-days-hp-pdq#section/_1. Last accessed August 23, 2023.

106. Montgomery WW. Surgery of the Upper Respiratory System. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1996.

107. Lumb AB. Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2012.

108. Ali J, Summer W, Leritzky MG (eds). Pulmonary Pathophysiology: A Clinical Approach. 3rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2010.

109. Broderick SR. What Does Vaping Do to Your Lungs? Available at https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/what-does-vaping-do-to-your-lungs. Last accessed August 24, 2023.

110. Cleveland Clinic. EVALI. Available at https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24948-evali. Last accessed August 24, 2023.

Evidence-Based Practice Recommendations Citations

1. Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Working Group. VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Defense; 2021. Available at https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/CD/copd/VADoDCOPDCPGFinal508.pdf. Last accessed August 25, 2023.

2. Jokerst C, Chung JH, Ackman JB, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: Acute Respiratory Illness in Immunocompetent Patients. Reston, VA: American College of Radiology; 2018. Available at https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/69446/Narrative. Last accessed August 25, 2023.

3. World Health Organization. Systematic Screening for Active Tuberculosis: Principles and Recommendations. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. Available at https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/84971/9789241548601_eng.pdf. Last accessed August 25, 2023.

4. Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices. Influenza ACIP Vaccine Recommendations. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/vacc-specific/flu.html. Last accessed August 25, 2023.

5. Holguin F, Cardet JC, Kung JF, et al. Management of severe asthma: a European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society guideline. Eur Respir J. 2020;55:1900588. Available at https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/55/1/1900588.long. Last accessed August 25, 2023.

6. Criner GJ, Bourbeau J, Diekemper RL, et al. Prevention of acute exacerbations of COPD: American College of Chest Physicians and Canadian Thoracic Society Guideline. Chest. 2015;147(4):894-942. Available at https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(15)38941-8/fulltext. Last accessed August 25, 2023.

7. Simoff MJ, Lally B, Slade MG, et al. Symptom management in patients with lung cancer: diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed.: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2013;143(5 Suppl):e455S-e497S. Available at https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(13)60305-0/fulltext. Last accessed August 25, 2023.


Copyright © 2023 NetCE, PO Box 997571, Sacramento, CA 95899-7571
Mention of commercial products does not indicate endorsement.