Works Cited

1. Pittenger C, Bloch MH. Pharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2014;37(3):375-391.

2. National Institute of Mental Health. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Available at https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd.shtml. Last accessed April 9, 2024.

3. Pinto A, Mancebo MC, Eisen JL, Pagano ME, Rasmussen SA. The Brown Longitudinal Obsessive Compulsive Study: clinical features and symptoms of the sample at intake. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(5):703-711.

4. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):617-627.

5. Nelson E, Rice J. Stability of diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154(6):826-831.

6. Stein DJ, Costa DLC, Lochner C, et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5(1):52.

7. Lewis-Fernández R, Hinton DE, Laria AJ, et al. Culture and the anxiety disorders: recommendations for DSM-V. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27(2):212-229.

8. Baster AJ, Vos T, Scott KM, Ferrari AJ, Whiteford HA. The global burden of anxiety disorders in 2010. Psychol Med. 2014;44(11):2363-2374.

9. Greenberg WM. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Epidemiology. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1934139-overview#a5. Last accessed April 9, 2024.

10. American Psychiatric Association. Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2007.

11. Dell'Osso B, Benatti B, Grancini B, et al. Investigating duration of illness and duration of untreated illness in obsessive compulsive disorder reveals patients remain at length pharmacologically untreated. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2019;23:311-313.

12. Norberg MM, Calamari JE, Cohen RJ, Riemann BC. Quality of life in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an evaluation of impairment and a preliminary analysis of the ameliorating effects of treatment. Depress Anxiety. 2008;25(3):248-259.

13. Eisen JL, Mancebo MA, Pinto A, et al. Impact of obsessive-compulsive disorder on quality of life. Compr Psychiatry. 2006;47(4):270-275.

14. Huppert JD, Simpson HB, Nissenson KJ, Liebowitz SR, Foa EB. Quality of life and functional impairment in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a comparison of patients with and without comorbidity, patients in remission, and healthy controls. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26(1):39-45.

15. Macy AS, Theo JN, Kaufmann SCV, et al. Quality of life in obsessive compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr. 2013;18(1):21-33.

16. Coluccia A, Fagiolini A, Ferretti F, et al. Adult obsessive-compulsive disorder and quality of life outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Psychiatr. 2016;22:41-52.

17. World Health Organization. World Health Report 2001—Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope. Available at https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42390. Last accessed April 9, 2024.

18. Ayuso-Mateos JL. Global Burden of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in the Year 2000. World Health Organization; 2006.

19. Hollander E, Kwon JH, Stein DJ, et al. Obsessive-compulsive and spectrum disorders: overview and quality of life issues. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57(Suppl 8):3-6.

20. Eaton WW, Martins SS, Nestadt G, Bienvenu OJ, Clarke D, Alexandre P. The burden of mental disorders. Epidemiol Rev. 2008;30:1-14.

21. Skoog G, Skoog I. A 40-year follow-up of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56(2):121-132.

22. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.; 2013.

23. Fineberg NA, Apergis-Schoute AM, Vaghi MM, et al. Mapping compulsivity in the DSM-5 obsessive compulsive and related disorders: cognitive domains, neural circuitry, and treatment. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2018;21:42-58.

24. Foa EB, Kozak MJ, Goodman WK, Hollander E, Jenike MA, Rasmussen SA. DSM-IV field trial: obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(1):90-96.

25. Borges G, Angst J, Nock MK, et al. Risk factors for twelve-month suicide attempts in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Psychol Med. 2006;36(12):1747-1757.

26. Dell'Osso B, Benatti B, Arici C, et al. Prevalence of suicide attempt and clinical characteristics of suicide attempters with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a report from the International College of Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (ICOCS). CNS Spectr. 2018;23(1):59-66.

27. Bragdon LB, Gibb BE, Coles ME. Does neuropsychological performance in OCD relate to different symptoms? A meta-analysis comparing the symmetry and obsessing dimensions. Depress Anxiety. 2018;35(8):761-774.

28. Chamberlain S, Solly J, Hook R, V et al. Cognitive Inflexibility in OCD and Related Disorders. Berlin: Springer Publishing; 2019.

29. Stanford Medicine. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. Diagnosis. Available at https://med.stanford.edu/ocd/about/diagnosis.html. Last accessed April 9, 2024.

30. Foa EB, Huppert JD, Leiberg S, et al. The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version. Psychol Assess. 2002;14(4):485-496.

31. Hettema JM, Neale MC, Kendler KS. A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(10):1568-1578.

32. Noh HJ, Tang R, Flannick J, et al. Integrating evolutionary and regulatory information with a multispecies approach implicates genes and pathways in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nature Communications. 2017;8(774):1-13.

33. Kim SJ, Kim CH. The genetic studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder and its future directions. Yonsei Med J. 2006;47(4):443-454.

34. Stein DJ, Lochner C. Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders: a multidimensional approach. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2006;29(2):343-351.

35. Menzies L, Chamberlain SR, Laird AR, Thelen SM, Sahakian BJ, Bullmore ET. Integrating evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder: the orbitofrontal-striatal model revisited. Neurosci Behav Rev. 2008;32(3):525-549.

36. Stanford Medicine. Understanding Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. Available at http://med.stanford.edu/ocd/about/understanding.html. Last accessed April 9, 2024.

37. Li B, Mody M. Cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuitry, working memory, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2016;7:78.

38. Attwells S, Setiawan E, Wilson AA, et al. Inflammation in the neurocircuitry of obsessive-compulsive disorder. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(8):833-840.

39. Gentile S. Efficacy of antidepressant medications in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic appraisal. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;31(5):625-632.

40. Stein DJ. Obsessive compulsive disorder. Lancet. 2002;360(9330):397-405.

41. Karthik S, Sharma LP, Narayanaswamy JC. Investigating the role of glutamate in obsessive-compulsive disorder: current perspectives. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020;16:1003-1013.

42. Kurlan R, Johnson D, Kaplan EL; Tourette Syndrome Study Group. Streptococcal infection and exacerbations of childhood tics and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: a prospective blinded cohort study. Pediatrics. 2008;121(6):1188-1197.

43. Marazziti D, Mucci F, Fontenelle LF. Immune system and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2018;93:39-44.

44. Marazziti D, Massa L, Carbone MG, et al. Silent infections are not so silent: the emerging role of combined infections, inflammation, and vitamin levels in OCD. Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2024;21(1):7-21.

45. Coles ME, Pinto A, Mancebo MC, Rasmussen SA, Eisen JL. OCD with comorbid OCPD: a subtype of OCD? J Psychiatr Res. 2008;42(4):289-296.

46. Fineberg NA, Reghunandanan S, Kolli S, et al. Obsessive-compulsive (anankastic) personality disorder: toward the ICD-11 classification. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2014;36(1):40-50.

47. Dunner DL. Management of anxiety disorders: the added challenge of comorbidity. Depress Anxiety. 2001;1392:57-71.

48. LaSalle VH, Cromer KR, Nelson KN, Kazuba D, Justement L, Murphy DL. Diagnostic interview assessed neuropsychiatric disorder comorbidity in 334 individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2004;19(3):163-173.

49. Fineberg NA, Hollander E, Pallanti S, et al. Clinical advances in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a position statement by the International College of Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2020;35(4):173-193.

50. de Mathis MA, Diniz JB, Hounie AG, et al. Trajectory in obsessive-compulsive disorder comorbidities. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;23(7):594-601.

51. Overbeek T, Schruers K, Vermetten E, Griez E. Comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression: prevalence, symptom severity, and treatment effect. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(12):1106-1112.

52. Stanford Medicine. About OCD. Available at http://med.stanford.edu/ocd/about.html. Last accessed April 9, 2024.

53. Ivarsson T, Melin K, Wallin L. Categorical and dimensional aspects of co-morbidity in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;17(1):20-31.

54. Richter MA, Summerfeldt LJ, Antony MM, Swinson RP. Obsessive-compulsive spectrum conditions in obsessive-compulsive disorder and other anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety. 2003;18(3):118-127.

55. Freeman RD, Fast DK, Burd L, Kerbeshian J, Robertson MM, Sandor P. An international perspective on Tourette syndrome: selected findings from 3,500 individuals in 22 countries. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000;42(7):436-447.

56. Ferrão YA, Miguel E, Stein DJ. Tourette's syndrome, trichotillomania, and obsessive-compulsive disorder: how closely are they related? Psychiatry Res. 2009;170(1):32-42.

57. Lombroso PJ, Scahill L. Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Dev. 2008;30(4):231-237.

58. Greenberg WM. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Treatment and Management. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1934139-treatment#d8. Last accessed April 9, 2024.

59. LexiComp Online. Available at https://online.lexi.com. Last accessed April 9, 2024.

60. Brakoulias V. Managing obsessive compulsive disorder. Australian Prescriber. 2015;38(4):121-123.

61. Kobak KA, Greist JH, Jefferson JW, Katzelnick DJ, Henk HJ. Behavioral versus pharmacological treatments of obsessive compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis. Psychopharmacology. 1998;136(3):206-216.

62. Simpson HB, Foa EB, Liebowitz MR, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for augmenting pharmacotherapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(5):621-630.

63. Freyer T, Klöppel S, Tüscher O, et al. Frontostriatal activation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder before and after cognitive behavioral therapy. Psychol Med. 2011;41(1):207-216.

64. Franklin ME, Sapyta J, Freeman JB, et al. Cognitive behavior therapy augmentation of pharmacotherapy in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: the Pediatric OCD Treatment Study II (POTS II) randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2011;306(11):1224-1232.

65. Albert U, Di Salvo G, Solia F, Rosso G, Maina G. Combining drug and psychological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder: what is the evidence, when and for whom. Curr Med Chem. 2018;25(41):5632-5646.

66. Greist J, Jefferson JW, Kobak KA, Katzelnick DJ, Serlin RC. Efficacy and tolerability of serotonin transport inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52(1):53-60.

67. Catapano F, Perris F, Masella M, Rossano F, Cigliano M, Magliano L, Maj M. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: a 3-year prospective follow-up study of patients treated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors OCD follow-up study. J Psychiatr Res. 2006;40(6):502-510.

68. Soomro GM, Altman D, Rajagopal S, Oakley-Browne M. Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) versus placebo for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD001765.

69. Math SB, Janardhan Reddy YC. Issues in the pharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int J Clin Pract. 2007;61(7):1188-1197.

70. Pittenger C, Bloch MH. Pharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2014;37(3):375-391.

71. Cohen SE, Zantvoord JB, Storosum BWC, et al. Influence of study characteristics, methodological rigour and publication bias on efficacy of pharmacotherapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised, placebo-controlled trials. BMJ Ment Health. 2024;27(1):e300951.

72. Del Casale A, Sorice S, Padovano A, et al. Psychopharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Curr Neuropharmacol. 2019;17(8):710-736.

73. Wilson M, Tripp J. Clomipramine. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024.

74. Stanford Medicine. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. Pharmacological Treatments. Available at http://med.stanford.edu/ocd/treatment/pharma.html. Last accessed April 9, 2024.

75. Andrade C. Augmenting selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder: benefits and risks. JClin Psychiatry. 2013;74(12):e1128-e1133.

76. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Anafranil (Clomipramine Hydrochloride) Capsules USP: Labeling Information. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/019906s039lbl.pdf. Last accessed April 9, 2024.

77. Zohar J, Judge R, OCD Paroxetine Study Investigators. Paroxetine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 1996;169(4):468-474.

78. Hollander E, Allen A, Steiner M, et al. Acute and long-term treatment and prevention of relapse of obsessive-compulsive disorder with paroxetine. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(9):1113-1121.

79. Kamijima K, Murasaki M, Asai M, et al. Paroxetine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in Japanese patients. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004;58(4):427-433.

80. Hollander E, Koran LM, Goodman WK, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of controlled-release fluvoxamine in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(6):640-647.

81. Kronig MH, Apter J, Asnis G, et al. Placebo-controlled, multicenter study of sertraline treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder.J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;19(2):172-176.

82. Greist JH, Jefferson JW, Kobak KA, et al. A 1-year double-blind placebo-controlled fixed dose study of sertraline in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1995;10(2):57-65.

83. Montgomery SA, McIntyre A, Osterheider M, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine in patients with DSM-III-R obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1993;3(2):143-152.

84. Tollefson GD, Rampey AH, Potvin JH, et al. A multicenter investigation of fixed-dose fluoxetine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51(7):559-567.

85. Maneeton N, Maneeton B, Karawekpanyawong N, Woottiluk P, Putthisri S, Srisurapanon M. Fluoxetine in acute treatment of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nord J Psychiatry. 2020;74(7):461-469.

86. Montgomery SA, Kasper S, Stein DJ, Hedegarrd KB, Lemming OM. Citalopram 20 mg, 40 mg, and 60 mg are all effective and well tolerated compared with placebo in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;16(2):75-86.

87. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Abnormal Heart Rhythms Associated With High Doses of Celexa (Citalopram Hydrobromide). Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-abnormal-heart-rhythms-associated-high-doses-celexa-citalopram. Last accessed April 9, 2024.

88. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Revised Recommendation for Celexa (Citalopram Hydrobromide) Related to the Potential Risk of Abnormal Heart Rhythms with High Doses. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-revised-recommendations-celexa-citalopram-hydrobromide-related. Last accessed April 9, 2024.

89. Stein DJ, Andersen EW, Tonnoir B, Fineberg N. Escitalopram in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled, paroxetine-referenced, fixed-dose, 24-week study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23(4):701-711.

90. Greist JH, Bandelow B, Hollander E, et al. WCA recommendations for the long-term treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults. CNS Spectr. 2003;8(S1):7-16.

91. Foa EB, Liebowitz MR, Kozak MJ, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of exposure and ritual prevention, clomipramine, and their combination in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(1):151-161.

92. Greist JH, Marks IM, Baer L, et al. Behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder guided by a computer or by a clinician compared with relaxation as a control. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(2):138-145.

93. Gava I, Barbui C, Aguglia E, et al. Psychological treatments versus treatment as usual for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(2):CD005333.

94. Foster PS, Eisler RM. An integrative approach to the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2001;42(1): 24-31.

95. Feusner JD, Farrell NR, Kreyling J, et al. Online video teletherapy treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder using exposure and response prevention: clinical outcomes from a retrospective longitudinal observational study. J Med Internet Res. 2022;24(5):e36431.

96. Rezaee R, Parsa Z, Ahmadzadeh L, Ahmadian L, Avazzadeh S, Marzaleh MA. Self-help application for obsessive-compulsive disorder based on exposure and response prevention technique with prototype design and usability evaluation: a cross-sectional study.Health Sci Rep. 2023;6(9):e1577.

97. Conlan L, Heyman I. Helping patients to overcome obsessive compulsive disorder. Practitioner. 2007;251(1700):57, 59, 61.

98. Bolton D, Perrin S. Evaluation of exposure with response-prevention for obsessive compulsive disorder in childhood and adolescence.J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2008;39(1):11-22.

99. Gomes JB, Cordioli AV, Heldt E. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and family accommodation: a 3-year follow-up. Psychiatry Res. 2017;253:107-109.

100. Garcia AM, Sapyta JJ, Moore PS, Freeman JB, Franklin ME, March JS, Foa EB. Predictors and moderators of treatment outcome in the pediatric obsessive compulsive treatment study (POTS I). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;49:1024-1033.

101. Koran LM, Aboujaoude E, Bullock KD, Franz B, Gamel N, Elliott M. Double-blind treatment with oral morphine in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(3):353-359.

102. Pallanti S, Quercioli L, Koran LM. Citalopram intravenous infusion in resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(9):796-801.

103. Zheng H, Jia F, Han H, et al. Combined fluvoxamine and extended-release methylphenidate improved treatment response compared to fluvoxamine alone in patients with treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019;29(3):397-404.

104. Khan I, Jaura TA, Tukruna A, et al. Use of selective alternative therapies for treatment of OCD. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2023;19:721-732.

105. Brakoulias V, Stockings E. A systematic review of the use of risperidone, paliperidone and aripiprazole as augmenting agents for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019;20:47-53.

106. Lipsman N, Neimat JS, Lozano AM. Deep brain stimulation for treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: the search for a valid target. Neurosurgery. 2007;61(1):1-11.

107. Martin JLR, Barbanoj MJ, Pérez V, Sacristán M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(3):CD003387.

108. Blom RM, Figee M, Vulink N, Denys D. Update on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: different targets. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2011;13(4):289-294.

109. Jaafari N, Rachid F, Rotge JY, et al. Safety and efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012;13(3):164-177.

110. Berlim MT, Neufeld NH, Van den Eynde F. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): an exploratory meta-analysis of randomized and sham-controlled trials. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(8):999-1006.

Evidence-Based Practice Recommendations Citations

1. American Psychiatric Association. Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2007. Available at https://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/ocd.pdf. Last accessed April 19, 2024.


Copyright © 2024 NetCE, PO Box 997571, Sacramento, CA 95899-7571
Mention of commercial products does not indicate endorsement.