Works Cited

1. Colberg S. Diabetes Free Kids: A Take Charge Plan for Preventing and Treating Type 2 Diabetes in Children. New York, NY: Avery; 2005.

2. Kaufman FR. Diabesity: The Obesity-Diabetes Epidemic That Threatens America and What We Must Do to Stop It. New York, NY: Bantam; 2005.

3. World Health Organization. Controlling the Global Obesity Epidemic. Available at https://www.who.int/activities/controlling-the-global-obesity-epidemic. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

4. World Health Organization. Obesity and Overweight: Key Facts. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

5. World Obesity Federation. Obesity: Missing the 2025 Global Targets. Available at https://data.worldobesity.org/publications/WOF-Missing-the-2025-Global-Targets-Report-FINAL-WEB.pdf. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

6. National Center for Health Statistics. Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Extreme Obesity Among Adults: United States, Trends 1960–1962 Through 2013–2014. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity_adult_13_14/obesity_adult_13_14.pdf. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

7. State of Childhood Obesity, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. National Obesity Monitor. Available at https://stateofchildhoodobesity.org/national-obesity-monitor. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

8. Lightwood J, Bibbins-Domingo K, Coxson P, Wang YC, Williams L, Goldman L. Forecasting the future economic burden of current adolescent overweight: an estimate of the coronary heart disease policy model. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(12):2230-2237.

9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Obesity prevalence among low-income, preschool-aged children: United States, 1998–2008. MMWR. 2009;58(28):769-796.

10. Alemzadeh R, Rising R, Lifshitz F. Obesity in children. In: Lifshitz F (ed). Pediatric Endocrinology Volume 1: Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Resistance, and Hypoglycemia. 5th ed. New York, NY: Informa; 2007: 1-36.

11. Venes D (ed). Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Co.; 2017.

12. Hales CM, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 2017–2018. NCHS Data Brief. 2020;360:1-7.

13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. Interactive Summary Health Statistics for Adults. Percentage of Obesity for Adults Aged 18 and Over, United States, 2022. Available at https://wwwn.cdc.gov/NHISDataQueryTool/SHS_adult/index.html. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2012. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_260.pdf. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

15. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Obesity Update 2017. Available at http://www.oecd.org/health/obesity-update.htm. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

16. Bishop J, Middendorf R, Babin T, Tilson W. ASPE Research Brief: Childhood Obesity. Available at https://aspe.hhs.gov/basic-report/aspe-childhood-obesity-white-paper. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

17. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Lawman KG, et al. Trends in obesity prevalence among children and adolescents, United States, 1998–1994 through 2013–2014. JAMA. 2016;315(21):2292-2299.

18. State of Childhood Obesity, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Obesity Rates for Youth Ages 10 to 17. Available at https://stateofobesity.org/children1017. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

19. Daniels SR, Arnett DK, Eckel RH, et al. AHA scientific statement: overweight in children and adolescents: pathophysiology, consequences, prevention, and treatment. Circulation. 2005;111:1999-2012.

20. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, McDowell MA, Tabak CJ, Flegal KM. Prevalence of high body mass index in U.S. children and adolescents, 2007–2008. JAMA. 2010;303(3):242-249.

21. Cawley J. The economics of childhood obesity. Health Aff (Millwood). 2010;29(3):364-371.

22. Trasande L, Chatterjee S. The impact of obesity on health service utilization and costs in childhood. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009;17(9):1749-1754.

23. Bibbins-Domingo K, Coxson P, Pletcher MJ, Lightwood J, Goldman L. Adolescent overweight and future adult coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(23):2371-2379.

24. Ludwig DS, Pollack HA. Obesity and the economy: from crisis to opportunity. JAMA. 2009;301(5):533-535.

25. Ling J, Chen S, Zahry NR, Kao TSA. Economic burden of childhood overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2023;24(2):e13535.

26. Bhattacharya B, Bundorf MK. The incidence of the healthcare costs of obesity. J Health Econ. 2009;28(3):649-658.

27. Dall TM, Zhang Y, Chen YJ, Quick WW, Yangh WG, Fogli J. The economic burden of diabetes. Health Aff (Millwood). 2010;29(2):297-303.

28. Sherry B, Blanck HM, Galuska DA, Pan L, Dietz WH. Vital signs: state-specific obesity prevalence among adults—United States, 2009. MMWR. 2010;59:1-5.

29. Finkelstein EA, Trogdon JG, Cohen JW, Dietz W. Annual medical spending attributable to obesity: payer-and service-specific estimates. Health Aff (Millwood). 2009;28(5):w822-w831.

30. Kim DD, Basu A. Estimating the medical care costs of obesity in the United States: systematic review, meta-analysis, and empirical analysis. Val Health. 2016;19(5):602-613.

31. Hammond RA, Levine R. The economic impact of obesity in the United States. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2010;3:285-295.

32. Sonntag D. Why early prevention of childhood obesity is more than a medical concern: a health economic approach. Ann Nutr Metab. 2017;70:175-178.

33. American Diabetes Association. Statistics About Diabetes. Available at https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/statistics/about-diabetes. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

34. Finkelstein EA, Graham WC, Malhotra R. Lifetime direct medical costs of childhood obesity. Pediatrics. 2014;133(5):854-862.

35. Wier LM, Encinosa W. Statistical Brief #138: Obesity in Children: Hospitalizations from 2000 to 2009. Available at https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb138.jsp. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

36. Lytle LA. Examining the etiology of childhood obesity: the IDEA study. Am J Community Psychol. 2009;44(3-4):338.

37. Huang TT, Glass TA. Transforming research strategies for understanding and preventing obesity. JAMA. 2008;300(15):1811-1813.

38. Budd GM, Hayman LL. Addressing the childhood obesity crisis: a call to action. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2008;33(2):111-118.

39. Daniels SR, Jacobson MS, McCrindle BW, Eckel RH, McHugh-Sanner B. American Heart Association Childhood Obesity Research Summit Report. Circulation. 2009;119(15):e489-e517.

40. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Causes of Obesity. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/basics/causes.html. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

41. Mayo Clinic. Metabolism and Weight Loss: How You Burn Calories. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/weight-loss/in-depth/art-20046508. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

42. Esparza J, Fox C, Harper IT, et al. Daily energy expenditure in Mexican and USA Pima Indians: low physical activity as a possible cause of obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24(1):55-59.

43. Stephenson J. Severe childhood obesity. JAMA. 2010;303(3):215.

44. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Childhood Obesity Facts. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

45. Centrella-Nigro A. Hispanic children and overweight: causes and interventions. Pediatr Nurs. 2009;35(6):352-356.

46. Shepherd A. Obesity prevalence, causes and clinical consequences. Nurs Stand. 2009;23(52):51-57.

47. Vourdoumpa A, Paltoglou G, Charmandari E. The genetic basis of childhood obesity: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2023;15(6):1416.

48. Bouchard C. Defining the genetic architecture of the predisposition to obesity: a challenging but not insurmountable task. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;91(1):5-6.

49. Thomas B, Bishop J. Obesity: Manual of Dietetic Practice. 4th ed. Oxford: Blackwell; 2007.

50. Obradovic M, Sudar-Milovanovic E, Soskic S, et al. Leptin and obesity: role and clinical implication. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:585887.

51. Troke RC, Tan TM, Bloom SR. The future role of gut hormones in the treatment of obesity. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2014;5(1):4-14.

52. Druce M, Wren A, Park A, Milton, et al. Ghrelin increases food intake in obese as well as lean subjects. Int J Obes (Lond). 2005;29:1130-1136.

53. Castañeda TR, Tong J, Datta R, et al. Ghrelin in the regulation of body weight and metabolism. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2010;31:44-60.

54. Schellekens H, Dinan T, Cryan J. Lean mean fat reducing "ghrelin" machine: hypothalamic ghrelin and ghrelin receptors as therapeutic targets in obesity. Neuropharmacology. 2010;58:2-16.

55. Hampl SE, Hassink SG, Skinner AC, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics. 2023;151(2):e2022060640.

56. Elsenburg LK, van Wijk KJE, Liefbroer AC, Smidt N. Accumulation of adverse childhood events and overweight in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring).2017;25(5):820-832.

57. Suglia SF, Koenen KC, Boynton-Jarret R, et al. Childhood and adolescent adversity and cardiometabolic outcomes: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;137(5):e15-e28.

58. Ben-Sefer E, Ben-Natan M, Ehrenfeld M. Childhood obesity: current literature, policy and implications for practice. Int Nurs Rev. 2009;56(2):166-173.

59. Underwood JM, Brener N, Thornton J, et al. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance – United States, 2019. MMWR. 2020;69(1):1-83.

60. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Obesity Epidemic and United States Students. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/pdf/2015/2015_us_obesity.pdf. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

61. Kann L, McManus T, Harris WA, et al. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States, 2017. MMWR. 2018;67(8):1-479.

62. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical Growth Charts. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/clinical_charts.htm. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

63. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About Child and Teen BMI. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/childrens_bmi/about_childrens_bmi.html. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

64. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Extended BMI-for-Age Growth Charts. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/Extended-BMI-Charts.html. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

65. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ten-State Nutrition Survey, 1968–1970. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1972.

66. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nutrition Surveillance: Annual Summary, 1982. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1984.

67. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Overweight and Obesity: Surveillance Systems. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/surveillance.html. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

68. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Obesity Among Young Children Enrolled in WIC. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/obesity-among-wic-enrolled-young-children.html#whatiswic. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

69. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/about_nhanes.htm. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

70. Fryar CD, Carroll MD, Afful J. Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Severe Obesity Among Children and Adolescents Aged 2–19 Years: United States, 1963-1965 Through 2017-2018. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity-child-17-18/overweight-obesity-child-H.pdf. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

71. Skinner AC. Appraisal of clinical care practices for child obesity prevention and treatment to inform quality improvement. Part II: comorbidities. Pediatrics. 2023;151(2):e2022060643.

72. Powell-Wiley TM, Poirier P, Burke LE, et al. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;143:e984-e1010.

73. Kipping RR, Jago R, Lawlor DA. Obesity in children. Part 1: epidemiology, measurement, risk factors, and screening. BMJ. 2008;337:a1824.

74. Inge T, Xanthakos S. Obesity at the extremes: the eyes only see what the mind is prepared to comprehend. J Pediatr. 2010;157(1):3-4.

75. Jung UJ, Choi MS. Obesity and its metabolic complications: the role of adipokines and the relationship between obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(4):6184-6223.

76. Freedman DS, Mei Z, Srinivasan SR, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and excess adiposity among overweight children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. J Ped. 2007;150(1):12-17.

77. Lee HS, Park HK, Hwang JS. HbA1c and glucose intolerance in obese children and adolescents. Diabet Med. 2012;29(7):e102-e105.

78. Franks PW, Hanson RL, Knowler WC, Sievers ML, Bennett PH, Looker HC. Childhood obesity, other cardiovascular risk factors, and premature death. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(6):485-493.

79. Morales Pozzo AE. Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Available at https://reference.medscape.com/article/925700-overview. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

80. Pinhas-Hamiel O, Dolan LM, Daniels SR, Standiford D, Khoury PR, Zeitler P. Increased incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus among adolescents. J Pediatr. 1996;128(5 Pt 1):608-615.

81. Andes LJ, Cheng YJ, Rolka DB, Gregg EW, Imperatore G. Prevalence of prediabetes among adolescents and young adults in the United States, 2005–2016. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(2):e194498.

82. McClean KM, Kee F, Young IS, Elborn JS. Obesity and the lung: 1. Epidemiology. Thorax. 2008;63(7):649-654.

83. Mallory GB, Fiser DH, Jackson R. Sleep-associated breathing disorders in morbidly obese children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 1989;115(6):892-897.

84. Narang I, Mathew JL. Childhood obesity and obstructive sleep apnea. J Nutr Metabol. 2012;134202.

85. Papoutsakis C, Priftis KN, Drakouli M, et al. Childhood overweight/obesity and asthma: is there a link? A systematic review of recent epidemiologic evidence. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013;113(1):77-105.

86. Partnership for America's Economic Success. Issue Brief 3. Early Childhood Health Problems and Prevention Strategies: Costs and Benefits. Available at https://silo.tips/download/early-childhood-health-problems-and-prevention-strategies-costs-and-benefits. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

87. Lifshitz F. Obesity in children. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2008;1(2):53-60.

88. Helmrath MA, Brandt ML, Inge TH. Adolescent obesity and bariatric surgery. Surg Clin N Am. 2006;86(2):441-454.

89. Stevenson SB. Pseudotumor cerebri: yet another reason to fight obesity. J Pediatr Health Care. 2008;22(1):40-43.

90. Sanyal AJ, Campbell-Sargent C, Mirshahi F, et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: association of insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities. Gastroenterology. 2001;120(5):1183-1192.

91. Ergun-Longmire B, Maclaren NK. Insulin resistance syndrome in childhood and beyond. In: Lifshitz F (ed). Pediatric Endocrinology Volume 1: Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Resistance, and Hypoglycemia. 5th ed. New York, NY: Informa; 2007: 211-249.

92. Nobili V, Pinzani M. Pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gut. 2010;59(5):561-564.

93. Clark JM, Brancati FL, Diehl AM. The prevalence and etiology of elevated aminotransferase levels in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98(5):960-967.

94. Falakaflaki B, Mazloomzadeh S, Moradzade A. Comparison of renal function between normal-weight and overweight children. Indian J Nephrol. 2012;22(3):193-195.

95. Wang Y, Chen X, Klag MJ, Caballero B. Epidemic of childhood obesity: implications for kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2006;13(4):336-351.

96. Franchini S, Savino A, Marcovecchio ML, Tumini S, Chiarelli F, Mohn A. The effect of obesity and type 1 diabetes on renal function in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2015;16(6):427-433.

97. Koch VH. Obesity facts and their influence on renal function across the life span. Front Med ausanne). 2021;8:704409.

98. Iduoriyekemwen NJ, Ibadin MO, Aikhionbare HA, Idogun SE, Abiodun MT. Glomerular hyperfiltration in excess weight adolescents. Niger J Clin Pract. 2019;22(6):842-848.

99. McGovern L, Johnson JN, Paulo R, et al. Clinical review: treatment of pediatric obesity: a systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(12):4600-4605.

100. Baur LA. Tackling the epidemic of childhood obesity. CMAJ. 2009;180(7):701-702.

101. O'Connor EA, Evans CV, Burda BU, Walsh ES, Eder M, Lozano P. Screening for obesity and intervention for weight management in children and adolescents: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2017;317(23):2427-2444.

102. Jasik CB, King EC, Rhodes E, et al. Characteristics of youth presenting for weight management: retrospective national data from the POWER Study Group. Child Obes. 2015;11(5):630-637.

103. Kumar S, King ED, Christison AL, POWER Work Group. Health outcomes of youth in clinical pediatric weight management programs in POWER. J Pediatr. 2019;208:57-65.

104. LexiComp Online. Available at https://online.lexi.com. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

105. Nainggolan L. FDA Approves Wegovy (Semaglutide) for Obesity in Teens 12 and Up. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/986403. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

106. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves Weight Management Drug for Patients Aged 12 and Older. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/news-events-human-drugs/fda-approves-weight-management-drug-patients-aged-12-and-older. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

107. Woodard K, Louque L, Hsia DS. Medications for the treatment of obesity in adolescents. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2020;11:1-12.

108. Botero D, Lifshitz F. Treatment of pediatric obesity. In: Lifshitz F (ed). Pediatric Endocrinology Volume 1: Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Resistance, and Hypoglycemia. 5th ed. New York, NY: Informa; 2007: 37-56.

109. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Drug Approval Package: Belviq (Lorcaserin Hydrochloride) Tablets. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2012/022529Orig1s000TOC.cfm. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

110. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Requests the Withdrawal of the Weight-Loss Drug Belviq, Belviq XR (Lorcaserin) From the Market. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-requests-withdrawal-weight-loss-drug-belviq-belviq-xr-lorcaserin-market. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

111. Inge TH, Krebs NF, Garcia VF, et al. Bariatric surgery for severely overweight adolescents: concerns and recommendations. Pediatrics. 2004;114(1):217-223.

112. Brandt ML, Harmon CM, Helmrath MA, Inge TH, McKay SV, Michalsky MP. Morbid obesity in pediatric diabetes mellitus: surgical options and outcomes. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2010;6(11):637-645.

113. Pratt JSA, Brown A, Brown NT, et al. American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: ASMBS pediatric metabolic and bariatric surgery guidelines, 2018. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2018;14:882-901.

114. Michalsky M, Reichard K, Inge T, Pratt J, Lenders C; American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery. ASMBS pediatric committee best practice guidelines. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012;8(1):1-7.

115. Hsia DS, Fallon SC, Brandt ML. Adolescent bariatric surgery. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012;166(8):757-766.

116. Armstrong SC. AAP Guidance Calls for Better Access to Bariatric Surgery for Teens with Severe Obesity. Available at https://publications.aap.org/aapnews/news/6688/AAP-guidance-calls-for-better-access-to-bariatric?autologincheck=redirected. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

117. Endocrine Today. Bariatric Surgery in Children and Adolescents: Procedures on the Rise. Available at https://www.healio.com/news/endocrinology/20120325/bariatric-surgery-in-children-and-adolescents-procedures-on-the-rise. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

118. Zwintscher NP, Azarow KS, Horton JD, Newton CR, Martin MJ. The increasing incidence of adolescent bariatric surgery. J Pediatr Surg. 2013;48(12):2401-2407.

119. Iannelli A, Dainese R, Piche T, Facchiano E, Gugenheim J. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for morbid obesity. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(6):821-827.

120. Sugarman HJ, DeMaria EJ, Kellum JM, et al. Bariatric surgery for severely obese adolescents. J Gastrointest Surg. 2003;7(1):102-108.

121. Pratt JSA, Lenders CM, Dionne EA, et al. Best practice update for pediatric/adolescent weight loss surgery. Obesity. 2009;17(5):901-910.

122. Frank P, Crookes PF. Short- and long-term surgical follow-up of the postbariatric surgery patient. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2010;39(1):135-146.

123. Zeller MH, Modi AC, Noll JG, Long JD, Inge TH. Psychosocial functioning improves following adolescent bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2009;17(5):985-990.

124. Treadwell JR, Sun F, Schoelles K. Systematic review and meta-analysis of bariatric surgery for pediatric obesity. Ann Surg. 2008;248(5):763-776.

125. Holterman AX, Browne A, Tussing L, et al. A prospective trial for laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in morbidly obese adolescents: an interim report of weight loss, metabolic and quality of life outcomes. J Pediatr Surg. 2010;45(1):74-79.

126. Inge TH, Miyano G, Bean J, et al. Reversal of type 2 diabetes mellitus and improvements in cardiovascular risk factors after surgical weight loss in adolescents. Pediatrics. 2009;123(1):214-222.

127. Zitsman JL, Digiorgi MF, Marr JR, Witt MA, Bessler M. Comparative outcomes of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in adolescents and adults. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2011;7(6):720-726.

128. Edwards ED, Jacob BP, Gagner M, Pomp A. Presentation and management of common post-weight loss surgery problems in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2006;47(2):160-166.

129. Maggard MA, Shugarman LR, Suttorp M, et al. Meta-analysis: surgical treatment of obesity. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142(7):547-559.

130. Mechanick JI, Apovian C, Brethauer S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the perioperative nutrition, metabolic, and nonsurgical support of patients undergoing bariatric procedures – 2019 update: cosponsored by American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology, the Obesity Society, American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Obesity Medicine Association, and American Society of Anesthesiologists. Endocrine Pract. 2019;25(12):1-75.

131. Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Instructions for Use: REALIZE Adjustable Gastric Band. Cincinnati, OH: Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.; 2007.

132. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. LAP-BAND Adjustable Gastric Banding (LAGB) System: P000008. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpma/pma.cfm?ID=P000008. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

133. An J, Hayman LI, Park Y, Dudaj TK, Ayres CG. Web-based weight management programs for children and adolescents: a systemic review of randomized control trial studies. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2009;32(2):222-240.

134. Lavizzo-Mourey R. Childhood obesity: what it means for physicians. JAMA. 2007;298(8):920-922.

135. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Overweight and Obesity: State and Local Programs. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/state-local-programs/index.html. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

136. Kanda P. Prevention of pediatric overweight and obesity. Pediatrics. 2003;112(2):424-430.

137. Bruner C. From child health coverage to healthy child development: federal health reform opportunities to improve the health of America's youngest children. J Pediatr. 2010;157(1):1-2.

138. National Football League. NFL Play 60. Available at https://www.nfl.com/causes/play60. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

139. World Health Organization. Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health: Global Strategy: Overall Goal. Available at https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241592222. Last accessed October 10, 2023.

Evidence-Based Practice Recommendations Citations

1. Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario. Primary Prevention of Childhood Obesity. 2nd ed. Toronto: Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario; 2014. Available at https://rnao.ca/sites/rnao-ca/files/Childhood_obesity_FINAL_19.12.2014.pdf. Last accessed November 21, 2023.

2. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Pediatric Weight Management Evidence-Based Nutrition Practice Guideline. Chicago, IL: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics; 2020. Available at https://www.andeal.org/topic.cfm?menu=5296. Last accessed November 21, 2023.

3. Styne DM, Arslanian SA, Connor EL, et al. Pediatric obesity—assessment, treatment, and prevention: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(3):709-757. Available at https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/102/3/709/2965084. Last accessed November 21, 2023.


Copyright © 2023 NetCE, PO Box 997571, Sacramento, CA 95899-7571
Mention of commercial products does not indicate endorsement.